Complete Guide to Neuromodulation Devices for Migraine Treatment (2025)
Posted on May 09 2025,
Neuromodulation Devices for Migraine Treatment
A comparison of neuromodulation techniques for migraine management
Device/Technique | Image | Type | Target & Mechanism | Treatment Protocol | Efficacy for Migraine | Level of Evidence | Common Side Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transcutaneous Supraorbital Nerve Stimulation (t-SNS/e-TNS) Cefaly® and HeadaTerm® |
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Non-invasive Wearable device |
Stimulates branches of the ophthalmic nerve in the forehead through a small electrode. Acts like a specialized TENS unit that modulates pain signals from trigeminal pathways. |
Prevention: 20-minute daily sessions, preferably in the evening; max intensity 16 mA, 60 Hz frequency.
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38.2% of patients achieved ≥50% reduction in monthly migraine days in episodic migraine. For chronic migraine, about 19% achieved significant reduction. For acute treatment, 29% reported complete relief after 1-hour session. |
Moderate Multiple controlled trials |
Tingling or burning sensations at application site, skin irritation, sleepiness; most side effects diminish with continued use |
Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation (nVNS) gammaCore Sapphire™ |
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Non-invasive Handheld device |
Delivers mild electrical stimulation to the cervical branch of the vagus nerve in the neck. Modulates pain pathways by affecting neurotransmitter release and inhibiting trigeminal nociception. |
Prevention: Two 2-minute stimulations (one on each side) twice daily.
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10% of patients with chronic migraine achieved ≥50% reduction in headache days. Overall response rate across studies is approximately 31%. |
Moderate Randomized controlled trials |
Neck pain, muscle contractions at stimulation site, skin irritation, temporary dizziness; generally well-tolerated |
Remote Electrical Neuromodulation (REN) Nerivio® |
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Non-invasive Wearable device |
Stimulates peripheral nerves in the upper arm to activate conditioned pain modulation (CPM), a natural pain-relieving mechanism that inhibits pain signals via descending pathways. |
Prevention: 45-minute sessions every other day. Acute treatment: 45-minute sessions at migraine onset. |
51.6% of patients achieved ≥50% reduction in headache days; average reduction of 4 monthly migraine days reported in clinical trials. |
High Multiple robust clinical trials |
Temporary arm/shoulder numbness, tingling, warmth sensation, mild muscle spasms; generally well-tolerated |
Dual-channel External Trigeminal-Occipital Neurostimulation Relivion® |
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Non-invasive Wearable device |
Simultaneously stimulates trigeminal nerve branches (supraorbital, auriculotemporal) and occipital nerves. The dual-channel approach targets multiple pain pathways involved in migraine. |
Prevention: Daily 20-40 minute sessions. Acute treatment: 1-hour session at migraine onset. |
46-60% of patients achieved ≥50% reduction in migraine days; approximately 3-day reduction in monthly migraine days. |
Moderate Growing clinical evidence base |
Localized tingling, scalp discomfort, temporary skin redness, muscle twitching; most patients adapt to sensations |
Single-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (sTMS) sTMS mini™ (eNeura) |
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Non-invasive Handheld device |
Delivers brief magnetic pulses to the occipital cortex, primarily targeting migraine with aura. These pulses may inhibit cortical spreading depression and modulate hyperexcitable neurons. |
Prevention: 4 pulses twice daily.
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46% of patients achieved ≥50% reduction in headache days; effective for both prevention and acute treatment, especially in migraine with aura. |
Moderate Clinical trials plus open-label data |
Mild scalp discomfort, temporary lightheadedness, tingling sensations, transient hearing changes |
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) | ![]() |
Non-invasive Clinical procedure |
Delivers repeated magnetic pulses to specific cortical targets (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, frontal cortex) to modulate neuronal excitability and pain networks. | Multiple clinical sessions (typically 5-23) with various stimulation parameters; high-frequency (10-20 Hz) or low-frequency (≤1 Hz) protocols. | Up to 78.7% response rate reported for high-frequency stimulation; more effective when applied to left frontal cortex. |
Moderate Multiple controlled studies |
Scalp discomfort during sessions, post-treatment headache, transient dizziness, fatigue, mild neck pain |
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) | ![]() |
Non-invasive Clinical procedure |
Applies low-intensity electrical current to various cortical targets (motor cortex, visual cortex, prefrontal cortex) to modulate neuronal excitability and normalize cortical activity patterns. | Typically 1-3 mA current for 20-30 minutes per session; daily or several times weekly for 1-5 months. | Up to 81.8% achieved ≥50% reduction in headache days or attack frequency, depending on stimulation parameters and target. |
Moderate Growing research base |
Tingling, itching, or burning sensations under electrodes, temporary fatigue, mild headache during initial sessions |
Occipital Nerve Stimulation (ONS) Various implantable systems |
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Invasive Surgical implant |
Surgical implantation of electrodes adjacent to greater and/or lesser occipital nerves, connected to an implanted pulse generator. Modulates nociceptive processing in the trigeminocervical complex. | Continuous or cyclic stimulation delivered via implanted electrodes; programming adjusted based on patient response. | Approximately 36.3% of patients achieved ≥50% reduction in headache frequency; reported reductions of 6-12 headache days per month. |
Moderate Several controlled trials |
Risk of infection, lead migration, battery depletion requiring replacement, hardware complications, implant site pain, muscle spasms |
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) | ![]() |
Invasive Neurosurgical procedure |
Electrodes surgically implanted in deep brain structures (hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, or subthalamic nucleus) connected to an implanted pulse generator. Modulates central pain networks. | Continuous stimulation following surgical implantation; reserved for extremely refractory cases after failure of all other treatments. | Limited to case reports of complete remission or significant reduction in migraine attacks; insufficient data for statistical analysis. |
Very Low Limited to case reports |
Serious risks including intracranial hemorrhage, infection, neurological deficits, hardware complications, and standard neurosurgical risks |
High-Frequency (10 kHz) Spinal Cord Stimulation (HF-10 SCS) Senza® System |
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Invasive Surgical implant |
Electrodes surgically implanted at the high cervical (C2-C3) spinal cord level, connected to an implanted pulse generator. High-frequency stimulation modulates pain signals via the dorsal columns. | Continuous high-frequency stimulation following surgical implantation; programming adjusted based on individual response. | 50-71% of patients achieved ≥50% reduction in headache frequency or pain intensity; mean pain reduction of approximately 60%. |
Low Promising early evidence |
Lead migration, infection, implant site pain, hardware-related complications, standard surgical risks; requires comprehensive evaluation |
Based on systematic reviews and clinical trials. Efficacy percentages indicate patients who achieved ≥50% reduction in headache days. Evidence graded according to the GRADE framework. Consult with a healthcare provider to determine appropriate treatment options.
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